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                <title xml:lang="fr">Sceau de Mélias Tornikès, protospathaire</title>
                <title xml:lang="en">Seal of Melias Tornikes, protospatharios</title>
                <editor role="seal-editor" xml:id="JCC">Jean-Claude Cheynet</editor>
                <funder>
                    <orgName corresp="https://anr.fr/">Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)</orgName>, France / <orgName corresp="https://www.dfg.de/">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)</orgName>, Deutschland
                </funder>
                <principal>Alessio Sopracasa</principal>
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                <edition>
                    <seg xml:lang="fr">Amélioration digitale</seg>
                    <seg xml:lang="en">Digital enhancement</seg>
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                <editor role="digital-editor" xml:id="SM" when="2024-06-03">Sima Meziridou</editor>
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                <authority>ANR/DFG DigiByzSeal - Unlocking the Hidden Value of Seals: New
                    Methodologies for Historical Research in Byzantine Studies</authority>
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                            <forename>Μελίας</forename>
                            <surname>Τορνίκης</surname>
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                            <forename>Mélias</forename>
                            <surname>Tornikès</surname>
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                            <forename>Melias</forename>
                            <surname>Tornikes</surname>
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                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Turquie</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Turkey</seg>
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                        <settlement>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Izmir</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Izmir</seg>
                        </settlement>
                        <institution/> 
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                            <persName role="issuer" ref="https://viaf.org/viaf/48683064/">Yavuz Tatış</persName> collection
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                        <idno type="inv-nr-current">2749</idno>
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                            <seg xml:lang="en">Dignitaries</seg>
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                                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Sceau</seg>
                                            <seg xml:lang="en">Seal</seg>
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                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="fr">Empreinte originale</interp>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="en">Original impression</interp>
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                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Plomb</seg>
                                        <seg xml:lang="en">Lead</seg>
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                                        <dim type="diameter">21</dim>
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                                    <measure type="channelOrient" unit="clock">12-6</measure>
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                                <condition rend=" worn-edge"> 
                                    <p xml:lang="fr">Nette échancrure à l’orifice inférieur du canal ; fortement rogné au sommet du flan ; usé sur les deux
                                        faces.</p>
                                    <p xml:lang="en">Clear indentation at the lower orifice of the canal; heavily trimmed at the top of the blank; worn on both surfaces.</p>
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                            <origDate type="analysis" notBefore="1001" notAfter="1100" evidence="epigraphy" cert="high" resp="#JCC">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">XIe siècle</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">11th C.</seg>
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                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="fr">Vierge à mi-corps de face, le torse légèrement tourné vers l’Enfant
                                            qu’elle porte sur le bras gauche, la main droite ramenée devant la poitrine, à demi levée en signe d’adoration</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="en">Bust of Virgin, her torso turned slightly towards the Child she is carrying on her left arm, 
                                            her right hand brought to her chest, half raised in adoration</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="fr">Cercle de fin grènetis</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="en">Circle of fine dots</figDesc>
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            <langUsage>
                <language ident="Grek">Greek script</language>
                <language ident="Latn">Latin script</language>
                <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek language (to 1453; assumed to be in its standard script: Grek)</language>
                <language ident="la">Latin language (assumed to be in its standard script: Latn)</language>
                <language ident="grc-Latn">Ancient Greek Language (to 1453), rendered in Latin script</language>
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            <change when="2023-06-23" who="#AS"/>
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              <surface n="r">
                  <desc>Obverse</desc>
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                      <desc>Digital image of the obverse (2019).</desc>
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                  <desc>Reverse</desc>
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          <body>
              <div type="edition" subtype="editorial" xml:space="preserve">
                  <div type="textpart" subtype="sigla" n="obv" rend="columns" xml:lang="grc"> 
                      <ab>
                          <cb n="a"/><expan><abbr>Μή</abbr><ex>τη</ex><abbr>ρ</abbr></expan>
                           <cb n="b"/><supplied reason="lost"><expan cert="low"><abbr>Θ</abbr><ex>εο</ex><abbr>ῦ</abbr></expan></supplied>
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                      <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="rev" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                          <lb n="1"/><supplied reason="lost">+</supplied> <expan><abbr>Κ</abbr><ex>ύρι</ex><abbr>ε</abbr></expan> <expan><abbr>β</abbr><ex>οή</ex><supplied reason="lost"><abbr>θ</abbr><ex>ει</ex></supplied></expan> 
                          <lb n="2"/>Μελίᾳ <expan><abbr><am><g ref="#alpha"/></am></abbr><ex>πρωτο</ex>
                          <lb n="3" break="no"/><abbr>σπαθ</abbr><ex>αρίῳ</ex></expan> τῷ 
                          <lb n="4"/><expan><abbr>Τορνη</abbr>
                          <lb n="5"/><supplied reason="lost"><abbr>κ</abbr><ex>ίῳ</ex></supplied></expan>
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                  <div type="textpart" subtype="sigla" n="obv" rend="columns" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                           <cb n="a"/>
                      </ab>
                  </div>
                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="obv" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                       <ab>  
                           <lb n="1"/>̣ΚΕ̣.
                           <lb n="2"/>Μ̣ΕΛΙ
                           <lb n="3"/>ΣΠΘΤ̣
                           <lb n="4"/>Τ̣ΟΡΝΗ̣
                           <lb n="5"/>.                                             
                       </ab>
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              <div type="translation">
                  <p>Μήτηρ Θεοῦ / + Κύριε βοήθει Μελίᾳ πρωτοσπαθαρίῳ τῷ Τορνηκίῳ.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="en">Mother of God help Melias Tornikes, protospatharios.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr">Mère de Dieu aide Mélias Tornikès, protospathaire.</p>
              </div>
              <div type="commentary" subtype="text">
                  <p xml:lang="fr">Issu d’un autre boullôterion, au même
                      avers, un sceau conservé au Staatliche Münzsammlung
                      de Munich (fonds Zarnitz, inv. 487), comporte le même
                      texte, au datif, mais la première ligne, invocative, est
                      supprimée, sans qu’il y ait trace d’une légende circulaire
                      au droit :
                      |MEΛIA|ACΠAΘ/|TΩTOΡ|..KH.|
                  
                  Cette bulle combine le nom de deux familles
                  arméniennes et pourrait témoigner de leur union, mais
                  chacun de ces deux noms est aussi employé comme
                  prénom. Mélias était un chef arménien établi dans le
                  Lykandos, dont il fut le premier stratège lorsque la région fut érigée en thème [1]. La branche des Tornikioi la plus fameuse était une branche cadette des Tarônitai,
                  eux aussi établis dans l’Empire au Xe sècle [2]. Peut-être le sigillant avait-il des biens dans la basse vallée du
                  Méandre où l’une des bulles au moins a été trouvée.</p>
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              <div type="commentary" subtype="footnotes">
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-1">
                      [1]. G. Dédéyan, Mleh le Grand, stratège du Lykandos, <hi rend="italic">Revue des études arméniennes</hi>, Nouvelle Série 15, 1981, p. 73-102.
                  </p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-2">
                      [2]. J.-Cl. Cheynet, Les Arméniens dans l’armée byzantine au Xe siècle, <hi rend="italic">Mélanges Jean-Pierre Mahé</hi>, <hi rend="italic">TM</hi> 18, Paris 2014, p. 186-187.
                  </p>         
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                      <bibl>
                          <ptr target="CheynetTatış"/>, <citedRange unit="page">248-249</citedRange>
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              <div type="bibliography" subtype="parallels">  <!-- Tatış 2386. -->
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                          <ptr target="xxx"/>, <citedRange unit="page"/>
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