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                <title xml:lang="fr">Sceau de Théodore, spathaire impérial et tourmarque des Anatoliques</title>
                <title xml:lang="en">Seal of Theodoros, imperial spatharios and tourmarch of the Anatolics</title>
                <editor role="seal-editor" xml:id="JCC">Jean-Claude Cheynet</editor>
                <funder>
                    <orgName corresp="https://anr.fr/">Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)</orgName>, France / <orgName corresp="https://www.dfg.de/">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)</orgName>, Deutschland
                </funder>
                <principal>Alessio Sopracasa</principal>
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                    <seg xml:lang="fr">Amélioration digitale</seg>
                    <seg xml:lang="en">Digital enhancement</seg>
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                <editor role="digital-editor" xml:id="SM" when="2024-04-11">Sima Meziridou</editor>
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                <authority>ANR/DFG DigiByzSeal - Unlocking the Hidden Value of Seals: New
                    Methodologies for Historical Research in Byzantine Studies</authority>
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                            <forename>Θεόδωρος</forename>                 
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                            <forename>Théodore</forename>                       
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                            <forename>Theodore</forename>                         
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                        <country>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Turquie</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Turkey</seg>
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                        <settlement>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Izmir</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Izmir</seg>
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                            <persName role="issuer" ref="https://viaf.org/viaf/48683064/">Yavuz Tatış</persName> collection
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                            <seg xml:lang="en">Provincial administration</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Administration provinciale</seg>
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                                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Sceau</seg>
                                            <seg xml:lang="en">Seal</seg>
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                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="fr">Empreinte originale</interp>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="en">Original impression</interp>
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                                    <material>
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Plomb</seg>
                                        <seg xml:lang="en">Lead</seg>
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                                        <dim type="diameter">22</dim>
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                                    <measure type="weight" unit="g">13,49</measure>
                                    <measure type="axis" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="overstrikeOrient" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="channelOrient" unit="clock">12-6</measure>
                                    <measure type="countermark" unit="clock"/>
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                                <condition rend="worn-edge"> 
                                    <p xml:lang="fr">Légères échancrures aux orifices du canal ; flan rogné tout au pourtour ; gravure grossière.</p>
                                    <p xml:lang="en">Slight indentations at the channel openings; blank trimmed all around; rough engraving.</p>
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                                    <placeName/>
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                            <origDate type="analysis" notBefore="0751" notAfter="0800" evidence="epigraphy" cert="high" resp="#JCC"> 
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">VIIIe siècle (seconde moitié)</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">8th C. second half</seg>
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                                <seg xml:lang="en">Obverse</seg>
                            </summary>
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                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Grec byzantin</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Byzantine Greek</seg>
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                                            <dim type="diameter">22</dim>
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                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Monogramme cruciforme</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Cruciform monogram</p>                     
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                                            <dim type="diameter">22</dim>
                                        </dimensions>
                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Légende linéaire sur 6 lignes</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Linear legend of 6 lines</p> 
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                <language ident="Grek">Greek script</language>
                <language ident="Latn">Latin script</language>
                <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek language (to 1453; assumed to be in its standard script: Grek)</language>
                <language ident="la">Latin language (assumed to be in its standard script: Latn)</language>
                <language ident="grc-Latn">Ancient Greek Language (to 1453), rendered in Latin script</language>
                <language ident="la-Grek">Latin written in Greek script</language>
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            <change when="2023-06-23" who="#AS"/>
            <change when="2024-04-11" who="#SM">Filled in metadata in new template</change>
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          <surfaceGrp>
              <surface n="r">
                  <desc>Obverse</desc>
                  <graphic url="https://www.abcde.com" type="digital">
                      <desc>Digital image of the obverse (2019).</desc>
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                  <desc>Reverse</desc>
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              <div type="edition" subtype="editorial" xml:space="preserve">
                   <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="obv" rend="monogram-cross" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab> 
                          <lb n="1"/><app type="alternative">
                             <lem><expan><ex>Θεοτόκε βοήθει</ex></expan></lem>
                             <rdg><expan><ex>Κύριε βοήθει</ex></expan></rdg>
                         </app> 
                           το͂ σῷ δούλῳ <!--omicron-->
                      </ab>
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                  <div type="textpart" n="rev" subtype="face" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                          <lb n="2"/><supplied reason="lost">+</supplied> <supplied reason="lost">Θ</supplied>ε<supplied reason="lost">οδ</supplied>
                          <lb n="3" break="no"/>ώρῳ <expan><abbr>β</abbr><ex>ασιλικῷ</ex></expan>
                          <lb n="4"/><expan><abbr>σπ</abbr><ex>αθαρίῳ</ex></expan> <expan><abbr>κ</abbr><ex>αὶ</ex></expan> <expan><abbr>του
                          <lb n="5" break="no"/>ρμάρχ</abbr><ex>ῃ</ex></expan>
                          <lb n="6"/>τῶν Ἀ
                          <lb n="7" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost">να</supplied>τ<supplied reason="lost">ολικῶν</supplied><!-- la distribution des lettres et la présence d'abbr. est à rediscuter -->
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              <div type="edition" subtype="diplomatic" xml:space="preserve">
                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="obv" rend="monogram-cross" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                          <lb n="1"/>Κ–.–.–Β–Θ–ΤΟ–Σ–ΔΛ   <!-- w, Δ not found in Athena ruby palette -->
                      </ab>
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                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="rev" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>  
                          <lb n="2"/>..Ε..   
                          <lb n="3"/>ΡΒ/ <!-- w not found in Athena ruby palette -->
                          <lb n="4"/>ΣΠ/Κ/Τ 
                          <lb n="5"/>ΡΜΡΧ 
                          <lb n="6"/>ΤΝ 
                          <lb n="7"/>.... 
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              <div type="translation">
                  <p>+ Θεοτόκε ou Κύριε βοήθει το͂ ͅ σῷ δούλῳ  / + Θεοδώρῳ βασιλικῷ σπαθαρίῳ καὶ τουρμάρχῃ τῶν Ἀνατολικῶν.</p><!--omicron-->
                  <p xml:lang="en">Mother of God or help your servant Theodoros, imperial spatharios and tourmarch of the Anatolics.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr">Mère de Dieu ou aide ton serviteur Théodore, spathaire impérial et tourmarque des Anatoliques.</p>
              </div>
              <div type="commentary" subtype="text">
                  <p xml:lang="fr">
                      Le prénom est incomplètement conservé. On
                      pourrait hésiter avec Christophore puisque ce nom comporte aussi une lettre
                      arrondie et qu’on connaît un homonyme, spathaire impérial et tourmarque
                      des Anatoliques [1]. Cependant la légende est différente et la répartition des
                      lettres du prénom ne laisse pas la place à trois lettres avant un éventuel S.
                      Il faut donc préférer Théodore. Comme tous les grands thèmes, celui des
                      Anatoliques était divisé en plusieurs tourmes. Les tourmarques de ce thème
                      commandaient des soldats nombreux à cette époque de lutte vigoureuse
                      contre les armées du califat abbasside. Théodore n’est pas connu par ailleurs.            
                  </p>
              </div>
              <div type="commentary" subtype="footnotes">
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-1">
                      [1]. Vente Classical Numismatic Group no 46 (24 juin1998), no 1634 (<hi rend="italic">SBS</hi> 8, 2003, p. 217).
                  </p> 
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                      <bibl>
                          <ptr target="CheynetTatış"/>, <citedRange unit="page">112</citedRange>
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                          <ptr target="xxx"/>, <citedRange unit="page"/>
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