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                <title xml:lang="fr">Sceau de Aarôn, proèdre et duc</title>
                <title xml:lang="en">Seal of Aaron, proedros and doux</title>
                <editor role="seal-editor" xml:id="JCC">Jean-Claude Cheynet</editor>
                <funder>
                    <orgName corresp="https://anr.fr/">Agence Nationale de la Recherche
                        (ANR)</orgName>, France / <orgName corresp="https://www.dfg.de/">Deutsche
                        Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)</orgName>, Deutschland </funder>
                <principal>Alessio Sopracasa</principal>
            </titleStmt>
            <editionStmt>
                <edition>
                    <seg xml:lang="fr">Amélioration digitale</seg>
                    <seg xml:lang="en">Digital enhancement</seg>
                </edition>
                <editor role="digital-editor" xml:id="SM" when="2024-04-08">Sima Meziridou</editor>
                <editor role="digital-editor" xml:id="AS" when="2025-02-03">Alessio
                    Sopracasa</editor>
            </editionStmt>
            <publicationStmt>
                <authority>ANR/DFG DigiByzSeal - Unlocking the Hidden Value of Seals: New
                    Methodologies for Historical Research in Byzantine Studies</authority>
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                <date/>
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                    <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International - CC BY-NC-SA
                        4.0</licence>
                </availability>
            </publicationStmt>
            <sourceDesc>
                <listPerson type="issuer">
                    <person gender="M" role="military">
                        <persName xml:lang="grc">
                            <forename>Ἀαρών</forename>
                        </persName>
                        <persName xml:lang="fr">
                            <forename>Aarôn</forename>
                        </persName>
                        <persName xml:lang="en">
                            <forename>Aaron</forename>
                        </persName>
                        <idno type="PBW" ana="https://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/person/106209/">Aaron
                            101</idno>
                    </person>
                </listPerson>
                <msDesc>
                    <msIdentifier>
                        <country>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Turquie</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Turkey</seg>
                        </country>
                        <settlement>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Izmir</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Izmir</seg>
                        </settlement>
                        <institution/>
                        <repository/>
                        <collection type="private">
                            <rs type="collection-name" xml:lang="en"><persName role="collector" ref="https://viaf.org/viaf/48683064/">Yavuz Tatış</persName>
                                collection</rs>
                            <rs type="collection-name" xml:lang="fr">Collection <persName role="collector" ref="https://viaf.org/viaf/48683064/">Yavuz
                                    Tatış</persName></rs>
                        </collection>
                        <idno type="inv-nr-current">2337</idno>
                        <altIdentifier>
                            <repository/>
                            <idno type="inv-nr-former"/>
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                        <summary n="whole">
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Central administration</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Administration centrale</seg>
                        </summary>
                    </msContents>
                    <physDesc>
                        <objectDesc>
                            <supportDesc>
                                <support>
                                    <objectType>
                                        <term>
                                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Sceau</seg>
                                            <seg xml:lang="en">Seal</seg>
                                        </term>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="fr">Empreinte
                                            originale</interp>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="en">Original
                                            impression</interp>
                                    </objectType>
                                    <material>
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Plomb</seg>
                                        <seg xml:lang="en">Lead</seg>
                                    </material>
                                    <dimensions type="support" unit="mm">
                                        <dim type="diameter">32</dim>
                                    </dimensions>
                                    <measure type="weight" unit="g">17,51</measure>
                                    <measure type="axis" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="overstrikeOrient" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="channelOrient" unit="clock">12-6</measure>
                                    <measure type="countermark" unit="clock"/>
                                </support>
                                <condition rend="crushed chipped worn-edge">
                                    <p xml:lang="fr">Echancré aux orifices du canal; rogné au
                                        pourtour; écrasement sur les bords des deux faces.</p>
                                    <p xml:lang="en">Indented at the channel openings; trimmed at
                                        the edges; crushed at the edges of both faces.</p>
                                </condition>
                            </supportDesc>
                            <layoutDesc>
                                <layout n="whole">
                                    <rs type="execution">
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Frappé</seg>
                                        <seg xml:lang="en">Struck</seg>
                                    </rs>
                                    <rs type="shape">
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Ronde</seg>
                                        <seg xml:lang="en">Round</seg>
                                    </rs>
                                    <rs type="matrix" subtype="not-surviving">
                                        <idno type="SigiDoc">m-eb8Xml</idno>
                                        <idno type="PBW" corresp="https://pbw2016.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/boulloterion/1117/">1117</idno>
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                                </layout>
                            </layoutDesc>
                        </objectDesc>
                    </physDesc>
                    <history>
                        <origin>
                            <origPlace>
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">
                                    <placeName/>
                                </seg>
                            </origPlace>
                            <origDate type="analysis" notBefore="1041" notAfter="1060" evidence="epigraphy" cert="high" resp="#JCC">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">XIe siècle (milieu), après 1057</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">11th C., middle, after 1057</seg>
                            </origDate>
                        </origin>
                        <provenance type="found" subtype="discovered">
                            <placeName type="ancientFindspot" ref="URI" xml:lang=""/>
                            <placeName type="modernFindspot" ref="URI" xml:lang=""/>
                            <rs type="circumstances" xml:lang=""/>
                        </provenance>
                        <provenance type="observed" subtype="seen">
                            <p xml:lang=""/>
                        </provenance>
                        <provenance type="not-observed" subtype="lost">
                            <p xml:lang=""/>
                        </provenance>
                        <provenance type="transferred" subtype="moved">
                            <p xml:lang=""/>
                        </provenance>
                        <acquisition>
                            <p xml:lang=""/>
                        </acquisition>
                    </history>
                    <msPart n="r">
                        <msIdentifier/>
                        <msContents>
                            <summary n="r">
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Obverse</seg>
                            </summary>
                            <textLang n="r" mainLang="grc" otherLangs="">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Grec byzantin</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Byzantine Greek</seg>
                            </textLang>
                        </msContents>
                        <physDesc>
                            <objectDesc>
                                <layoutDesc>
                                    <layout n="r">
                                        <dimensions type="written" unit="mm">
                                            <dim type="diameter"/>
                                        </dimensions>
                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Iconographie avec légende en colonnes</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Iconography with legend in columns</p>
                                    </layout>
                                </layoutDesc>
                            </objectDesc>
                            <handDesc>
                                <handNote n="r">
                                    <seg xml:lang="en"/>
                                </handNote>
                            </handDesc>
                            <decoDesc>
                                <decoNote>
                                    <figure>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="fr" ana="person male saint St-Theodore standing military spear shield">Saint Théodore de face, en pied, en sa tenue militaire
                                            accoutumée, tenant une haute lance en main droite, la
                                            gauche appuyée sur un bouclier triangulaire; de part et
                                            d’autre de l'effigie, épigraphe en colonne, conservée à
                                            droite seulement.</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="en" ana="person male saint St-Theodore standing military spear shield">Saint Theodore facing, standing, in his customary
                                            military garb, holding a long spear in his right hand,
                                            with his left hand resting on a triangular shield; on
                                            either side of the image, inscription in columns,
                                            preserved on the right only.</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="fr">Cercle d’épais
                                            grènetis</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="en">Circle of thick
                                            dots</figDesc>
                                    </figure>
                                </decoNote>
                            </decoDesc>
                        </physDesc>
                    </msPart>
                    <msPart n="v">
                        <msIdentifier/>
                        <msContents>
                            <summary n="v">
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Reverse</seg>
                            </summary>
                            <textLang n="v" mainLang="grc">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Grec byzantin</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Byzantine Greek</seg>
                            </textLang>
                        </msContents>
                        <physDesc>
                            <objectDesc>
                                <layoutDesc>
                                    <layout n="v">
                                        <dimensions type="written" unit="mm">
                                            <dim type="diameter"/>
                                        </dimensions>
                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Légende linéaire sur 5 lignes</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Linear legend of 5 lines</p>
                                    </layout>
                                </layoutDesc>
                            </objectDesc>
                            <handDesc>
                                <handNote n="v">
                                    <seg xml:lang=""/>
                                </handNote>
                            </handDesc>
                            <decoDesc>
                                <decoNote>
                                    <figure>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="fr">Cercle d’épais grènetis ;
                                            légende précédée d’une croisette et surmontée d’un rang
                                            de trois tirets</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="en">Circle of thick dots;
                                            legend preceded by a cross and surmounted by a row of
                                            three dashes</figDesc>
                                    </figure>
                                </decoNote>
                            </decoDesc>
                        </physDesc>
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        <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
                <language ident="Grek">Greek script</language>
                <language ident="Latn">Latin script</language>
                <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek language (to 1453; assumed to be in its standard
                    script: Grek)</language>
                <language ident="la">Latin language (assumed to be in its standard script:
                    Latn)</language>
                <language ident="grc-Latn">Ancient Greek Language (to 1453), rendered in Latin
                    script</language>
                <language ident="la-Grek">Latin written in Greek script</language>
            </langUsage>
        </profileDesc>
        <revisionDesc>
            <change when="2023-06-23" who="#AS"/>
            <change when="2024-04-08" who="#SM">Filled in metadata in new template</change>
            <change when="2024-06-13" who="#SM">Corrections on metadata</change>
            <change when="2025-02-03" who="#AS">Revision and correction of the entire XML
                file</change>
            <change when="2025-02-17" who="#AS">Encoding for indexing added</change>
        </revisionDesc>
    </teiHeader>
    <facsimile>
        <surfaceGrp>
            <surface n="r">
                <desc>Obverse</desc>
                <graphic url="https://www.abcde.com" type="digital">
                    <desc>Digital image of the obverse (2019).</desc>
                </graphic>
            </surface>
            <surface n="v">
                <desc>Reverse</desc>
                <graphic url="https://www.abcde.com" type="digital">
                    <desc>Digital image of the reverse (2019).</desc>
                </graphic>
            </surface>
        </surfaceGrp>
    </facsimile>
    <text>
        <body>
            <div type="edition" subtype="editorial" xml:space="preserve">
                  <div type="textpart" n="obv" subtype="label" rend="columns" xml:lang="grc"> 
                      <ab ana="nom"> 
                          <cb n="a"/><supplied reason="lost"><expan><abbr>Ὁ ἅ</abbr><ex>γιος</ex></expan></supplied> <expan><supplied reason="lost"><abbr>Θεό</abbr></supplied>
                         <cb n="b"/><abbr>δωρο</abbr><ex>ς</ex></expan>
                      </ab>
                  </div>
                  <div type="textpart" n="rev" subtype="face" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab ana="dat">
                        <lb n="1"/>+<rs type="invocation" ref="#inv003"><expan><abbr>Κ</abbr><ex>ύρι</ex><abbr>ε</abbr></expan> <expan><abbr>β</abbr><ex>οή</ex><abbr>θ</abbr><ex>ει</ex></expan></rs> 
                          <lb n="2"/><forename>Ἀαρὼν</forename> 
                          <lb n="3"/><rs type="dignities" ref="#d0051">προαί
                          <lb n="4" break="no"/>δρῳ</rs> καὶ 
                          <lb n="5"/><rs type="offices" ref="#of0245">δουκί</rs>
                      </ab>
                  </div>
              </div>
            <div type="edition" subtype="diplomatic" xml:space="preserve">
                  <div type="textpart" subtype="label" n="obv" rend="columns" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                          <cb n="a"/>....
                          <cb n="b"/>Δ||Ρ|Ο/
                      </ab>
                  </div>
                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="rev" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>                          
                          <lb n="0"/>
                          <lb n="1"/>ΚΕΘ 
                          <lb n="2"/>ΑΑΡΝ  
                          <lb n="3"/>ΠΡΟΑΙ 
                          <lb n="4"/>ΔΡΟΚΑΙ 
                          <lb n="5"/>ΔΚΙ                        
                      </ab>
                  </div>
              </div>
            <div type="apparatus">
                <listApp>
                    <app xml:lang=""/>
                </listApp>
            </div>
            <div type="translation">
                <p>Ὁ ἅγιος Θεόδωρος. / + Κύριε βοήθει Ἀαρὼν προαίδρῳ καὶ δούκι.</p>
                <p xml:lang="en">Saint Theodore. Lord help Aaron, proedros and doux.</p>
                <p xml:lang="fr">Saint Théodore. Seigneur aide Aarôn, proèdre et duc.</p>
            </div>
            <div type="commentary" subtype="text">
                <p xml:lang="fr">Aarôn, issu de la famille royale bulgare, commença une brillante
                    carrière militaire au début des années 1040, qui le conduisit à commander
                    plusieurs grands thèmes de la frontière orientale. Beau-frère du futur empereur
                    Isaac Comnène, il le combattit néanmoins en 1057 pour le compte de l’empereur
                    Michel VI qui fut cependant renversé. En 1059, il avait été promu proèdre et
                    exerçait la charge de duc de Mésopotamie. Ultérieurement, il commanda la
                    cavalerie en raison de sa charge de <hi rend="italic">prôtostratôr</hi> et fut
                    promu, presque sûrement par Constantin Doukas, protoproèdre [1]. Aarôn a laissé
                    deux autres types de sceaux de même légende, mais avec la bonne orthographe de
                    la dignité, également à l’effigie de saint Théodore en buste. Ce sont:
                    ---|+ΚΕRΟΗ|ΘΕΙΑΑΡΩΝ|ΠΡΟΕΔΡΩ|SΔΟΥΚΙ [2] et -*-|+ΚΕRΟΗ|ΘΕΙΑΑΡΟΝ|ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟΝ|SΔΟΥΚΑ-*-
                    [3].</p>
            </div>
            <div type="commentary" subtype="footnotes">
                <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-1"> [1]. Toutes les références et les étapes
                    connues de sa carrière sont données dans <bibl><ptr target="ZacosGenève"/>, nos
                            <citedRange unit="part">91 et 92</citedRange></bibl>.</p>
                <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-2"> [2]. Sceau connu en plusieurs exemplaires:
                    Dumbarton Oaks, <ref target="https://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/byzantine-seals/BZS.1958.106.5616/view">BZS.1958.106.5616</ref>; Ermitage M-2827, éd.
                    Sandrovskaja, <hi rend="italic">Aarona</hi>, p. 61, no 2 (repris dans les <hi rend="italic">SBS</hi> 5, 1998, p. 109) ; Zacos (BnF) 3491, éd. ZACos II, no
                    353c (non reproduit) ; coll. Kofopoulos, inv. 2201, inédit. </p>
                <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-3"> [3]. Sceau connu en plusieurs exemplaires :
                    deux sceaux de l’anc coll. Zacos, l’un conservé à Paris, Zacos (BnF) 3492,
                    inédit ; l’autre à Genève, éd. Zacos II, no 353b ; Spink 135, no 277 ;
                    Campagnolo-pothitou – Cheynet, <hi rend="italic">Sceaux Zacos</hi>, no 91 B).
                    Une pièce parallèle est à l’Ermitage, M-6883, éd. Šandrovskaja, Sfragistika, no
                    128 (<hi rend="italic">SBS</hi> 6, 1999, p. 103). </p>
            </div>
            <div type="bibliography" subtype="edition">
                <p>
                    <bibl>
                        <ptr target="CheynetTatış"/>, <citedRange unit="page">80-81</citedRange>
                    </bibl>
                </p>
            </div>
            <div type="bibliography" subtype="parallels">
                <!-- // : (α) Anc. coll. Zacos ; (β) Athènes, coll. D. Doukas ; (γ) Fogg 1075, inédit.
Éd. du // : (α) ZACos II, no 353a ; catalogue de la vente Spink 132, no 215 ; CAMpAgnolo-pothitou – Cheynet, Sceaux Zacos, no 91A ;
(β) koltsidA-MAkrè, Η συλλογή μολυβδοβούλλων Δημητρίου Δούκα, Hypermachos, p. 139, no 1. -->
                <p>
                    <bibl>
                        <ptr target="xxx"/>, <citedRange unit="page"/>
                    </bibl>
                </p>
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