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                <title xml:lang="fr">Sceau de Nicolas, protospathaire et stratège</title>
                <title xml:lang="en">Seal of Nicholas, protospatharios and strategos</title>
                <editor role="seal-editor" xml:id="JCC">Jean-Claude Cheynet</editor>
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                    <orgName corresp="https://anr.fr/">Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)</orgName>, France / <orgName corresp="https://www.dfg.de/">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)</orgName>, Deutschland
                </funder>
                <principal>Alessio Sopracasa</principal>
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                <edition>
                    <seg xml:lang="fr">Amélioration digitale</seg>
                    <seg xml:lang="en">Digital enhancement</seg>
                </edition>
                <editor role="digital-editor" xml:id="SM" when="2024-04-09">Sima Meziridou</editor>
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                <authority>ANR/DFG DigiByzSeal - Unlocking the Hidden Value of Seals: New
                    Methodologies for Historical Research in Byzantine Studies</authority>
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                            <forename>Νικόλαος</forename>
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                            <forename>Nicolas</forename>
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                        <persName xml:lang="en">
                            <forename>Nicholas</forename>
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                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Turquie</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Turkey</seg>
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                        <settlement>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Izmir</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Izmir</seg>
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                            <seg xml:lang="en">Central administration</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Administration centrale</seg>
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                                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Sceau</seg>
                                            <seg xml:lang="en">Seal</seg>
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                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="fr">Empreinte originale</interp>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="en">Original impression</interp>
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                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Plomb</seg>
                                        <seg xml:lang="en">Lead</seg>
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                                        <dim type="diameter">20</dim>
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                                    <measure type="overstrikeOrient" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="channelOrient" unit="clock">12-6</measure>
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                                <condition rend="blank-too-small"> 
                                    <p xml:lang="fr">Flan trop petit, échancré aux orifices du canal ; frappe décentrée vers la droite de l’avers ; traces
                                        d’oxydation.</p>
                                    <p xml:lang="en">Blank too small, indented at the channel orifices; strike off-center to the right of the obverse; traces of oxidation.</p>
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                            <origPlace>
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">
                                    <placeName/>
                                </seg>
                            </origPlace>
                            <origDate type="analysis" notBefore="0901" notAfter="1100" evidence="epigraphy" cert="high" resp="#JCC"> 
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Xe/XIe siècle</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">10th/11th C.</seg>
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                        </origin>
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                            <placeName type="ancientFindspot" ref="URI" xml:lang=""/> 
                            <placeName type="modernFindspot" ref="URI" xml:lang=""/>
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                                <seg xml:lang="en">Obverse</seg>
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                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Grec byzantin</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Byzantine Greek</seg>
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                                        <dimensions type="written" unit="mm">
                                            <dim type="diameter">20</dim>
                                        </dimensions>
                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Iconographie avec légende en colonnes</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Iconography with legend in columns</p>                     
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                            <decoDesc>
                                <decoNote>
                                    <figure>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="fr" ana="male saint bishop St-Nicholas bust gospel">Buste de saint Nicolas de face, en son
                                            vêtement épiscopal, tenant le Livre et bénissant</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="en" ana="male saint bishop St-Nicholas bust gospel">Bust of Saint Nicholas in his episcopal garment, holding the Book and blessing</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="fr">Cercle de perles</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="en">Circle of pearls</figDesc> 
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                                <seg xml:lang="en">Reverse</seg>
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                            <textLang n="v" mainLang="grc">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Grec byzantin</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Byzantine Greek</seg>
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                                            <dim type="diameter">20</dim>
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                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Légende linéaire sur 4 lignes</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Linear legend of 4 lines</p> 
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                                <decoNote>
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                                        <figDesc n="v" xml:lang=""/>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="fr">Cercle de perles ; légende surmontée d’un losange de perles
                                            accosté de tirets</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="en">Circle of pearls; legend surmounted by a rhombus of pearls surrounded by dashes</figDesc>
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                    <mapping type="standard"></mapping>
                    <mapping type="simplified">(ho_hagios)</mapping>
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        <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
                <language ident="Grek">Greek script</language>
                <language ident="Latn">Latin script</language>
                <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek language (to 1453; assumed to be in its standard script: Grek)</language>
                <language ident="la">Latin language (assumed to be in its standard script: Latn)</language>
                <language ident="grc-Latn">Ancient Greek Language (to 1453), rendered in Latin script</language>
                <language ident="la-Grek">Latin written in Greek script</language>
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            <change when="2023-06-23" who="#AS"/>
            <change when="2024-04-09" who="#SM">Filled in metadata in new template</change>
            <change when="2024-06-13" who="#SM">Corrections on metadata</change>
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                  <desc>Obverse</desc>
                  <graphic url="https://www.abcde.com" type="digital">
                      <desc>Digital image of the obverse (2019).</desc>
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                  <desc>Reverse</desc>
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                      <desc>Digital image of the reverse (2019).</desc>
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                   <div type="textpart" subtype="label" n="obv" rend="columns" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                       <cb n="a"/><supplied reason="lost">Ὁ</supplied> <expan><supplied reason="lost"><ex>ἅγιος</ex></supplied></expan> <expan><abbr>Νι
                          <cb n="b" break="no"/>κόλ</abbr><ex>αος</ex></expan>
                      </ab>
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                  <div type="textpart" n="rev" subtype="face" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                        <lb n="1"/><expan><abbr>Νικόλ</abbr><ex>αος</ex></expan> 
                          <lb n="2"/><expan><abbr><am><g ref="#alpha"/></am></abbr><ex>πρωτο</ex><abbr>σπαθ</abbr><ex>άριος</ex></expan> <expan><abbr><am><g ref="#kai"/></am></abbr><ex>καὶ</ex></expan> 
                          <lb n="3"/><expan><abbr>γε</abbr><ex cert="low">γονὼς</ex></expan> <expan><abbr>στρα</abbr>
                          <lb n="4" break="no"/><supplied reason="lost"><abbr>τ</abbr></supplied><abbr>ηγ</abbr><ex>ός</ex></expan>
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                  <div type="textpart" subtype="label" n="obv" rend="columns" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                          <cb n="a"/>.|Ν|Ι
                          <cb n="b"/>Κ|Ο|Λ
                      </ab>
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                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="rev" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab> 
                          <lb n="0"/> 
                          <lb n="1"/>ΝΙΟΛ 
                          <lb n="2"/>ΑΣΠΑΘϗ 
                          <lb n="3"/>Γ̅Ε̅ΣΤΡ̅Α̅ 
                          <lb n="4"/>.ΗΓ 
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                  <p>Ὁ ἃγιος Νικόλαος / Νικόλαος πρωτοσπαθάριος καὶ γεγονὼς (?) στρατηγός.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="en">Saint Nicholas. Nicholas, protospatharios and strategos.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr">Saint Nicolas. Nicolas, protospathaire et stratège.</p>
              </div>
              <div type="commentary" subtype="text">
                  <p xml:lang="fr">
                      On notera la présence de lettres rondes bouletées, C, Θ. La
                      lecture de la légende n’est pas assurée. La dernière lettre de la deuxième
                      ligne est déformée par la bordure et selon la restitution, deux hypothèses
                      semblent possibles. Ou bien la lettre suivant CΠΑΘ est un S alors, la curieuse mention ΓΕ pourrait signifier 
                      l’abréviation rude de γέγονως, portant sur la fonction de stratège,
                      stratège « honoraire ». La formule n’est pas inconnue par ailleurs car on la retrouve sur le sceau d’un ancien
                      pincerne [1]. Ou bien, cette lettre pourrait être un Ρ appartenant à (πρωτο)σπαθ(ά)ρ(ιος), en ce cas, à la ligne
                      suivante, Γ serait gravé pour un K, soit κέ. Cette hypothèse n’est pas satisfaisante car la gravure des caractères
                      est d’une belle qualité.
                      D’autre part, la fin de la légende est également difficile à interpréter, car on croirait lire à la dernière
                      ligne .ΗΓ soit la fin de στρατηγ(ός), ce qui ne peut expliquer l’inutilité de la marque d’abréviation sur ΤΡΑ
                      ou ΤΡΓ. Le début de la dernière ligne, fortement rogné, a pu contenir une lettre perdue ; la première lettre
                      conservée à gauche ressemble à Φ, et la dernière est sûrement Γ. Un toponyme, tout aussi rudement abrégé
                      que la fonction, aurait suivi : ΓΕCΤΡΓ|ΠΦΛΓ στρ(ατη)γ(ὸς) Π(α)φλ(α)γ(ονίας) ? C’est une simple hypothèse
                      qu’on ne peut retenir tant elle est incertaine.
                  </p>
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              <div type="commentary" subtype="footnotes">
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-1">
                      [1]. Cheynet – Bulgurlu – Gökyildirim, <hi rend="italic">Istanbul</hi>, no 2.147.
                  </p>
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                      <bibl>
                          <ptr target="CheynetTatış"/>, <citedRange unit="page">92-93</citedRange>
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                          <ptr target="xxx"/>, <citedRange unit="page"/>
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