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                <title xml:lang="fr">Sceau de Justinien</title>
                <title xml:lang="en">Seal of Justinian</title>
                <editor role="seal-editor" xml:id="JCC">Jean-Claude Cheynet</editor>
                <funder>
                    <orgName corresp="https://anr.fr/">Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)</orgName>, France / <orgName corresp="https://www.dfg.de/">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)</orgName>, Deutschland
                </funder>
                <principal>Alessio Sopracasa</principal>
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                <edition>
                    <seg xml:lang="fr">Amélioration digitale</seg>
                    <seg xml:lang="en">Digital enhancement</seg>
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                <editor role="digital-editor" xml:id="SM" when="2024-06-10">Sima Meziridou</editor>
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                <authority>ANR/DFG DigiByzSeal - Unlocking the Hidden Value of Seals: New
                    Methodologies for Historical Research in Byzantine Studies</authority>
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                            <forename>Iustinianus</forename>
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                        <persName xml:lang="fr">
                            <forename>Justinien</forename>
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                            <forename>Justinian</forename>
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                        <country>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Turquie</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Turkey</seg>
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                        <settlement>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Izmir</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Izmir</seg>
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                        <repository/> 
                        <collection type="private" xml:lang="en" ref="URI"><rs type="collection-name" xml:lang="en">
                            <persName role="issuer" ref="https://viaf.org/viaf/48683064/">Yavuz Tatış</persName> collection
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                        <idno type="inv-nr-current">472</idno>
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                            <seg xml:lang="en">Private</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Privée</seg>
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                                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Sceau</seg>
                                            <seg xml:lang="en">Seal</seg>
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                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="fr">Empreinte originale</interp>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="en">Original impression</interp>
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                                    <material>
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Plomb</seg>
                                        <seg xml:lang="en">Lead</seg>
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                                        <dim type="diameter">24</dim>
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                                    <measure type="weight" unit="g">12,09</measure> 
                                    <measure type="axis" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="overstrikeOrient" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="channelOrient" unit="clock">12-6</measure>
                                    <measure type="countermark" unit="clock"/>
                                </support>
                                <condition rend=" crushed"> 
                                    <p xml:lang="fr">Echancré aux orifices du canal ; partiellement écrasé au droit.</p>
                                    <p xml:lang="en">Indented at the canal orifices; partially crushed on the right.</p>
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                                <layout n="whole">
                                    <rs type="execution">
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Frappé</seg>
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                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Ronde</seg>
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                            <origPlace>
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">
                                    <placeName/>
                                </seg>
                            </origPlace>
                            <origDate type="analysis" notBefore="0601" notAfter="0700" evidence="epigraphy" cert="high" resp="#JCC">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">VIe siècle</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">6th C. </seg>
                            </origDate>       
                        </origin>
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                            <placeName type="ancientFindspot" ref="URI" xml:lang=""/> 
                            <placeName type="modernFindspot" ref="URI" xml:lang=""/>
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                                <seg xml:lang="en">Obverse</seg>
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                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Latin</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Latin</seg>
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                                        <dimensions type="written" unit="mm">
                                            <dim type="diameter">24</dim>
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                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Légende linéaire sur 3 lignes</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Linear legend of 3 lines</p>
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                                    <figure>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang=""/>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="fr">Cercle de feuillage ; légende précédée d’une croisette</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="en">Circle of foliage; legend preceded by a cross</figDesc>
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                            <summary n="v">
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Reverse</seg>
                            </summary>
                            <textLang n="v" mainLang="grc">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Grec byzantin</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Byzantine Greek</seg>
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                                        <dimensions type="written" unit="mm">
                                            <dim type="diameter">24</dim>
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                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Monogramme, autres formes</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Monogram, other forms</p>
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                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="fr">Cercle de feuillage</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="en">Circle of foliage</figDesc>
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            <langUsage>
                <language ident="Grek">Greek script</language>
                <language ident="Latn">Latin script</language>
                <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek language (to 1453; assumed to be in its standard script: Grek)</language>
                <language ident="la">Latin language (assumed to be in its standard script: Latn)</language>
                <language ident="grc-Latn">Ancient Greek Language (to 1453), rendered in Latin script</language>
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            <change when="2023-06-23" who="#AS"/>
            <change when="2024-06-10" who="#SM">Filled in metadata in new template</change>
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          <surfaceGrp>
              <surface n="r">
                  <desc>Obverse</desc>
                  <graphic url="https://www.abcde.com" type="digital">
                      <desc>Digital image of the obverse (2019).</desc>
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                  <desc>Reverse</desc>
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                      <desc>Digital image of the reverse (2019).</desc>
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                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="obv" rend="linear" xml:lang="la">
                      <ab>
                          <lb n="1"/>+ Ius
                          <lb n="2" break="no"/>tinia
                          <lb n="3" break="no"/>nus 
                      </ab>
                  </div>
                <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="rev" rend=" monogram-other" xml:lang="grc">
                     <ab>
                          <lb n="4"/><expan><ex>Ἰουστινιανοῦ</ex></expan>
                     </ab>
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              </div>
              <div type="edition" subtype="diplomatic" xml:space="preserve">                  
                    <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="obv" rend="linear" xml:lang="la">
                     <ab>
                         <lb n="1"/>IS
                         <lb n="2"/>INI
                         <lb n="3"/>NS
                      </ab>
                  </div>
                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="obv" rend=" monogram-other" xml:lang="grc">
                       <ab>   
                           <lb n="4"/>Ο–Υ–Τ–––Ν <!-- uncertain about the order of letters -->
                       </ab>
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              <div type="translation">
                  <p>+ Iustinianus / Ἰουστινιανοῦ.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="en">Justinian. Justinian.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr">Justinien. Justinien.</p>
              </div>
              <div type="commentary" subtype="text">
                  <p xml:lang="fr">L’inscription du droit confirme la lecture du monogramme
                      du revers. Les précédents éditeurs des pièces parallèles ont attribué ce type
                      de plomb à l’empereur Justinien Ier (527-565), car ce monogramme ornait
                      en effet certains chapiteaux et colonnes de Sainte-Sophie. Cependant,
                      G. Zacos émet une objection majeure : l’absence de portrait impérial, à la
                      différence des autres sceaux du même empereur [1]. Pour cette raison, il est
                      classé dans ce catalogue au chapitre des prénoms.
                      Or, le monogramme est exprimé à cette date au génitif, alors que
                      l’inscription du revers est au nominatif. On pourrait alors interpréter ce sceau
                      comme celui de Justinien, (fils de) Justinien. Il est vrai, comme le remarque
                      W. Seibt, que ce monogramme peut aussi être transcrit au nominatif,
                      Ἰουστινιανός. Il y a donc plusieurs possibilités d’interprétation [2]. Notons
                      que le monogramme peut aussi se lire Ἀναστασίου, mais le droit incite à
                      retenir l’autre solution. Le nom de Justinien, qui est rare, est seulement
                      présent dans la famille de l’empereur homonyme.</p>
              </div>
              <div type="commentary" subtype="footnotes">
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-1">
                      [1]. Ainsi, Zacos – Veglery, nos 3 et 4 ; Seibt, <hi rend="italic">Bleisiegel</hi> I, no 6 ; sokolovA, Imperial Seals, nos 8-14 ; Cheynet – Bulgurlu – Gökyildirim,
                      <hi rend="italic">Istanbul</hi>, nos 1.3-1.5.
                  </p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-2">
                      [2]. Seibt, Early Monograms, p. 4.
                  </p>
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                      <bibl>
                          <ptr target="CheynetTatış"/>, <citedRange unit="page">353</citedRange>
                      </bibl>
                  </p>
              </div>
              <div type="bibliography" subtype="parallels">  <!-- // : (α) anc. coll. Zacos ; (β) CM, Paris ; (γ) Musée archéologique d’Istanbul ; (δ) Vatican ; (ε) Vienne, ΜΚ 636 et 640.
Éd. des // : (α) ZACos – veglery, nos 2a-c ; (β) sChluMberger, Sigillographie, p. 418, n° 3 ; (γ) Mention dans ebersolt, Sceaux, p.
210, n° 128 ; (δ) lAurent, Vatican, n° 8 ; (ε) seibt, Bleisiegel I, nos 7 a et b. -->
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