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                <title xml:lang="fr">Sceau d'Alexandre</title>
                <title xml:lang="en">Seal of Alexander</title>
                <editor role="seal-editor" xml:id="JCC">Jean-Claude Cheynet</editor>
                <funder>
                    <orgName corresp="https://anr.fr/">Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)</orgName>, France / <orgName corresp="https://www.dfg.de/">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)</orgName>, Deutschland
                </funder>
                <principal>Alessio Sopracasa</principal>
            </titleStmt>
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                <edition>
                    <seg xml:lang="fr">Amélioration digitale</seg>
                    <seg xml:lang="en">Digital enhancement</seg>
                </edition>
                <editor role="digital-editor" xml:id="SM" when="2024-06-06">Sima Meziridou</editor>
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                <authority>ANR/DFG DigiByzSeal - Unlocking the Hidden Value of Seals: New
                    Methodologies for Historical Research in Byzantine Studies</authority>
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                            <forename>Ἀλέξανδρος</forename> 
                        </persName>
                        <persName xml:lang="fr">
                            <forename>Alexandre</forename>
                        </persName>
                        <persName xml:lang="en">
                            <forename>Alexander</forename>
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                        <country>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Turquie</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Turkey</seg>
                        </country>
                        <settlement>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Izmir</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Izmir</seg>
                        </settlement>
                        <institution/> 
                        <repository/> 
                        <collection type="private" xml:lang="en" ref="URI"><rs type="collection-name" xml:lang="en">
                            <persName role="issuer" ref="https://viaf.org/viaf/48683064/">Yavuz Tatış</persName> collection
                        </rs></collection>
                         
                        <idno type="inv-nr-current">2567</idno>
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                            <seg xml:lang="en">Private</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Privée</seg>
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                                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Sceau</seg>
                                            <seg xml:lang="en">Seal</seg>
                                        </term>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="fr">Empreinte originale</interp>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="en">Original impression</interp>
                                    </objectType>
                                    <material>
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Plomb</seg>
                                        <seg xml:lang="en">Lead</seg>
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                                    <dimensions type="support" unit="mm">
                                        <dim type="diameter">24</dim>
                                    </dimensions>
                                    <measure type="weight" unit="g">8,19</measure> 
                                    <measure type="axis" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="overstrikeOrient" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="channelOrient" unit="clock">12-6</measure>
                                    <measure type="countermark" unit="clock"/>
                                </support>
                                <condition rend=" worn-edge"> 
                                    <p xml:lang="fr">Echancré aux orifices du canal ; légèrement usé au droit ; belle gravure.</p>
                                    <p xml:lang="en">Indented at the canal orifices; slightly worn on the right; fine engraving.</p>
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                                    <rs type="execution">
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Frappé</seg>
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                            <origPlace>
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">
                                    <placeName/>
                                </seg>
                            </origPlace>
                            <origDate type="analysis" notBefore="0551" notAfter="0600" evidence="epigraphy" cert="high" resp="#JCC">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">VIe siècle (seconde moitié)</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">6th C. second half</seg>
                            </origDate>       
                        </origin>
                        <provenance type="found" subtype="discovered"> <!-- Bafa/Milas -->
                            <placeName type="ancientFindspot" ref="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599810" xml:lang="fr">Mylasa</placeName>
                            <placeName type="ancientFindspot" ref="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599810" xml:lang="en">Mylasa</placeName>
                            <placeName type="modernFindspot" ref="https://www.geonames.org/319682/bafa.html" xml:lang="fr">Bafa</placeName>
                            <placeName type="modernFindspot" ref="https://www.geonames.org/319682/bafa.html" xml:lang="en">Bafa</placeName>
                            <placeName type="modernFindspot" ref="https://www.geonames.org/304355/milas.html" xml:lang="en">Milas</placeName>
                            <placeName type="modernFindspot" ref="https://www.geonames.org/304355/milas.html" xml:lang="en">Milas</placeName>
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                        <provenance type="not-observed" subtype="lost">
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                            <p xml:lang=""/>
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                            <summary n="r">
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Obverse</seg>
                            </summary>
                            <textLang n="r" mainLang="grc" otherLangs="">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Grec byzantin</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Byzantine Greek</seg>
                            </textLang>
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                            <objectDesc>
                                <layoutDesc>
                                    <layout n="r">
                                        <dimensions type="written" unit="mm">
                                            <dim type="diameter">24</dim>
                                        </dimensions>
                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Iconographie</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Iconography</p>
                                    </layout>
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                                </handNote>
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                            <decoDesc>
                                <decoNote>
                                    <figure>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="fr">Victoire ailée en pied, avançant de profil
                                            vers la gauche, revêtue d’une longue
                                            tunique serrée à la taille, tête couverte, la
                                            main droite levée, tendant une couronne
                                            de feuillage</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="en">Winged Victory, moving leftwards, dressed in a long tunic tight at the waist, head covered, right hand raised, 
                                            holding out a wreath of foliage</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="fr">Bordure de perles</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="en">Border of pearls</figDesc>
                                    </figure>
                                </decoNote>
                            </decoDesc>
                        </physDesc>
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                            <summary n="v">
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Reverse</seg>
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                            <textLang n="v" mainLang="grc">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Grec byzantin</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Byzantine Greek</seg>
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                                    <layout n="v">
                                        <dimensions type="written" unit="mm">
                                            <dim type="diameter">24</dim>
                                        </dimensions>
                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Monogramme cruciforme</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Cruciform mongoram</p>
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                                </layoutDesc>
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                                <handNote n="v">
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                            <decoDesc>
                                <decoNote>
                                    <figure>
                                        <figDesc n="v" xml:lang=""/>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="fr">Bordure de perles</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang="en">Border of pearls</figDesc>
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                                </decoNote>
                            </decoDesc>
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            <langUsage>
                <language ident="Grek">Greek script</language>
                <language ident="Latn">Latin script</language>
                <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek language (to 1453; assumed to be in its standard script: Grek)</language>
                <language ident="la">Latin language (assumed to be in its standard script: Latn)</language>
                <language ident="grc-Latn">Ancient Greek Language (to 1453), rendered in Latin script</language>
                <language ident="la-Grek">Latin written in Greek script</language>
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        <revisionDesc>
            <change when="2023-06-23" who="#AS"/>
            <change when="2024-06-06" who="#SM">Filled in metadata in new template</change>
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          <surfaceGrp>
              <surface n="r">
                  <desc>Obverse</desc>
                  <graphic url="https://www.abcde.com" type="digital">
                      <desc>Digital image of the obverse (2019).</desc>
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                  <desc>Reverse</desc>
                  <graphic url="https://www.abcde.com" type="digital">
                      <desc>Digital image of the reverse (2019).</desc>
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          <body>
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                      <ab>
                          <lb n="1"/><expan><ex>Ἀλεξάνδρου</ex></expan>
                      </ab>
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              <div type="edition" subtype="diplomatic" xml:space="preserve">                  
                    <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="obv" rend=" monogram-cross" xml:lang="grc"/>
                       
                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="obv" rend=" monogram-cross" xml:lang="grc">
                       <ab>     
                          <lb n="1"/>Ν––Ρ––Δ–
                       </ab>
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              <div type="translation">
                  <p>Ἀλεξάνδρου.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="en">(Seal of) Alexander.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr">(Sceau d') Alexandre.</p>
              </div>
              <div type="commentary" subtype="text">
                  <p xml:lang="">Sur des pièces proches [1], le même nom est gravé en un monogramme
                      cruciforme de type voisin (le type Zacos 13, avec inversion des lettres sur le bras horizontal). La Victoire ailée
                      brandit une couronne en main droite, tandis que le bras gauche, baissé, tient un <hi rend="italic">stylis</hi> ou bâton de commandement.
                      Il est donc prudent d’inférer que ces divers plombs auront appartenu à deux personnages distincts.
                      Il ne s’agit pas de sceaux impériaux, la Victoire – Tychè est ici celle du Christ. Des inscriptions
                      contemporaines commencent en ces termes, Ἀγαθὴ Τύχη, Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς βοήθει [2]. Ensuite se rencontre sur des
                      sceaux la formule Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς νικᾷ. Les monogrammes cruciformes apparurent dès le début du vie siècle et le
                      motif de la Victoire disparaît sur les sceaux impériaux dans la seconde moitié du vie siècle, ce qui donne un indice
                      pour la datation de notre bulle, mais E. Stepanova (cf. <hi rend="italic">supra</hi>, p. 23) considère que le motif a perduré jusqu’au
                      début du VIIIe siècle.</p>
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              <div type="commentary" subtype="footnotes">
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-1">
                      [1]. Cheynet – Bulgurlu – Gökyildirim, <hi rend="italic">Istanbul</hi>, no 8. 4 ; Zacos – Veglery, nos 1373 ; Ermitage M-3127 et M-4364 (éd. Stepanova,
                      <hi rend="italic">art. cit</hi>, fig. 12 et 13, p. 22).
                  </p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-2">
                      [2]. <hi rend="italic">DACL</hi>, “Nika”, vol. 12/1, Paris 1935, col. 1269-1272 (Stépanova, ibid., p. 24).
                  </p>
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                      <bibl>
                          <ptr target="CheynetTatış"/>, <citedRange unit="page">334-335</citedRange>
                      </bibl>
                  </p>
              </div>
              <div type="bibliography" subtype="parallels">  <!-- // : Ermitage, M-11229.
Ed. du // : E. stepAnovA, Victoria – Nike on Early Byzantine Seals, SBS 10, 2010, p. 21-22, fi g. 14. -->
                      <bibl>
                          <ptr target="xxx"/>, <citedRange unit="page"/>
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