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                <title xml:lang="fr">Sceau de Constantin, (métropolite) de Tibérioupolis</title>
                <title xml:lang="en">Seal of Constantine, (metropolitan) of Tiberioupolis</title>
                <editor role="seal-editor" xml:id="JCC">Jean-Claude Cheynet</editor>
                <funder>
                    <orgName corresp="https://anr.fr/">Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)</orgName>, France / <orgName corresp="https://www.dfg.de/">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)</orgName>, Deutschland
                </funder>
                <principal>Alessio Sopracasa</principal>
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            <editionStmt>
                <edition>
                    <seg xml:lang="fr">Amélioration digitale</seg>
                    <seg xml:lang="en">Digital enhancement</seg>
                </edition>
                <editor role="digital-editor" xml:id="NB" when="2024-05-29">Numa Buchs</editor>
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                <authority>ANR/DFG DigiByzSeal - Unlocking the Hidden Value of Seals: New
                    Methodologies for Historical Research in Byzantine Studies</authority>
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                        <persName xml:lang="grc">
                            <forename>Κωνσταντίνος</forename>
                        </persName>
                        <persName xml:lang="fr">
                            <forename>Constantin</forename>
                        </persName>
                        <persName xml:lang="en">
                            <forename>Constantine</forename>
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                    <msIdentifier>
                        <country>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Turquie</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Turkey</seg>
                        </country>
                        <settlement>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Izmir</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="en">Izmir</seg>
                        </settlement>
                        <institution/> 
                        <repository/> 
                        <collection type="private" xml:lang="en" ref="URI"><rs type="collection-name" xml:lang="en">
                            <persName role="issuer" ref="https://viaf.org/viaf/48683064/">Yavuz Tatış</persName> collection
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                        <idno type="inv-nr-current">2686</idno>
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                            <seg xml:lang="en">Secular Church</seg>
                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Église séculière</seg>
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                                            <seg xml:lang="fr">Sceau</seg>
                                            <seg xml:lang="en">Seal</seg>
                                        </term>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="fr">Empreinte originale</interp>
                                        <interp type="workType" xml:lang="en">Original impression</interp>
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                                    <material>
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Plomb</seg>
                                        <seg xml:lang="en">Lead</seg>
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                                        <dim type="diameter">20</dim>
                                    </dimensions>
                                    <measure type="weight" unit="g">6,54</measure>
                                    <measure type="axis" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="overstrikeOrient" unit="clock"/>
                                    <measure type="channelOrient" unit="clock">12-6</measure>
                                    <measure type="countermark" unit="clock"/>
                                </support>
                                <condition rend="blank-too-small"> 
                                    <p xml:lang="fr">Flan trop petit, échancré aux orifices du canal ; belle gravure</p>
                                    <p xml:lang="en">Blank too small, indented at the channel openings; beautiful engraving</p>
                                </condition>
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                                <layout n="whole">
                                    <rs type="execution">
                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Frappé</seg>
                                    </rs>
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                                        <seg xml:lang="fr">Ronde</seg>
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                            <origPlace>
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">
                                    <placeName/>
                                </seg>
                            </origPlace>
                            <origDate type="analysis" notBefore="0901" notAfter="1100" evidence="epigraphy" cert="high" resp="#JCC">
                                <seg xml:lang="fr">Xe-XIe siècle</seg>
                                <seg xml:lang="en">10th-11th C.</seg>
                            </origDate>    
                        </origin>
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                            <placeName type="ancientFindspot" ref="URI" xml:lang=""/> 
                            <placeName type="modernFindspot" ref="URI" xml:lang=""/>
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                        <provenance type="observed" subtype="seen">
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                            <summary n="r">
                                <seg xml:lang="en">Obverse</seg>
                            </summary>
                            <textLang n="r" mainLang="" otherLangs="">
                                <seg xml:lang=""/>
                            </textLang>
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                            <objectDesc>
                                <layoutDesc>
                                    <layout n="r">
                                        <dimensions type="written" unit="mm">
                                            <dim type="diameter">20</dim>
                                        </dimensions>
                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Iconographie avec légende en colonnes</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Iconography with legend in columns</p>
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                            </handDesc>
                            <decoDesc>
                                <decoNote>
                                    <figure>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="fr">Saint Michel de face en buste, à la belle chevelure bouclée, revêtu
                                            du lôros droit bordé de grosses perles, tenant en main gauche un globe et de l’autre un sceptre trifolié.</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="r" xml:lang="en">Saint Michael in full bust, with beautiful curly hair, wearing the right loros edged with large pearls, 
                                            holding a globe in his left hand and a trifoliate sceptre in the other.</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="fr">Cercle de perles</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoR" xml:lang="en">Circle of pearls</figDesc>
                                    </figure>
                                </decoNote>
                            </decoDesc>
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                                <seg xml:lang="en">Reverse</seg>
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                            <textLang n="v" mainLang="">
                                <seg xml:lang=""/>
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                                    <layout n="v">
                                        <dimensions type="written" unit="mm">
                                            <dim type="diameter">20</dim>
                                        </dimensions>
                                        <p xml:lang="fr">Légende linéaire sur 5 lignes</p>
                                        <p xml:lang="en">Linear legend of 5 lines</p> 
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                                    <seg xml:lang=""/>
                                </handNote>
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                            <decoDesc>
                                <decoNote>
                                    <figure>
                                        <figDesc n="v" xml:lang="fr">Légende précédée d’une croisette</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="v" xml:lang="en">Legend preceded by a cross</figDesc>
                                        <figDesc n="decoV" xml:lang=""/>
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            <langUsage>
                <language ident="Grek">Greek script</language>
                <language ident="Latn">Latin script</language>
                <language ident="grc">Ancient Greek language (to 1453; assumed to be in its standard script: Grek)</language>
                <language ident="la">Latin language (assumed to be in its standard script: Latn)</language>
                <language ident="grc-Latn">Ancient Greek Language (to 1453), rendered in Latin script</language>
                <language ident="la-Grek">Latin written in Greek script</language>
            </langUsage>
        </profileDesc>
        <revisionDesc>
            <change when="2023-06-23" who="#AS"/>
            <change when="2024-05-29" who="#NB">Filled in metadata in new template</change>
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          <surfaceGrp>
              <surface n="r">
                  <desc>Obverse</desc>
                  <graphic url="https://www.abcde.com" type="digital">
                      <desc>Digital image of the obverse (2019).</desc>
                  </graphic>
              </surface>
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                  <desc>Reverse</desc>
                  <graphic url="https://www.abcde.com" type="digital">
                      <desc>Digital image of the reverse (2019).</desc>
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          <body>
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    <div type="textpart" subtype="sigla" n="obv" rend="columns" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                            <cb n="a"/><expan><abbr>Μ</abbr><ex>ι</ex>
                          <cb n="b"/><abbr>χ</abbr><ex>αήλ</ex></expan>                      
                          </ab>
                  </div>
                      
                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="rev" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                      <ab>
                        <lb n="1"/>+ <expan><abbr>Κ</abbr><ex>ύρι</ex><abbr>ε</abbr></expan> βο
                          <lb n="2" break="no"/>ήθει <expan><abbr>Κων</abbr><ex>σταντίνῳ</ex></expan> 
                          <lb n="3"/><expan><abbr>ἐλαχήσ</abbr><ex>τῳ</ex></expan> 
                          <lb n="4"/>Τηβεριου
                          <lb n="5" break="no"/>πόλεο<supplied reason="lost">ς</supplied>
                      </ab>
                  </div>


                          </div>
              <div type="edition" subtype="diplomatic" xml:space="preserve">
                 <div type="textpart" subtype="sigla" n="obv" rend="columns" xml:lang="grc">
                       <ab>
                      <lb n="0"/>ΜΧ
                       </ab>
                     </div>   
                  <div type="textpart" subtype="face" n="rev" rend="linear" xml:lang="grc">
                     <ab>
                          
                           <lb n="1"/>ΚΕ̅Ο
                           <lb n="2"/>ΗΘΕΙΚ̅̅Ν̅
                         <lb n="3"/>ΕΛΑΧΗΣΤ
                         <lb n="4"/>ΤΗΕΡΙ
                         <lb n="5"/>ΠΟΛΕΟ.
                     </ab>
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              <div type="translation">
                  <p>  Μιχαήλ / + Κύριε βοήθει Κωνσταντίνῳ ἐλαχήστῳ Τηβεριουπόλεος.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="en">Michael. Lord help Constantine, the smallest,  metropolitan of Tiberioupolis.</p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr">Seigneur aide Constantin, le plus petit, métropolite de Tibérioupolis.</p>
              </div>
         
              <div type="commentary" subtype="text">
                  <p xml:lang="fr">Le terme d’humilité <hi rend="italic">élachistos</hi> convient fort bien à un ecclésiastique, même si l’absence de
                      titre est inhabituelle avec ce type de formulation. Il peut s’agir du sceau d’un évêque ou bien d’un métropolite.
                      Cette incertitude peut être levée si l’on considère que la bulle d’un Constantin, nommément attesté comme
                      métropolite de Tibérioupolis, offre au droit un saint Michel en buste très proche du nôtre[1]. Or, nous connaissons
                      deux Tibérioupolis, un évêché, dépendant soit de Hiérapolis, soit de Laodicée de Phrygie, et une métropole de ce
                      nom en Bithynie[2]. Si notre hypothèse de l’attribution des deux plombs au même personnage est exacte, on aurait
                      affaire à la cité bithynienne.</p>
              </div>
              <div type="commentary" subtype="footnotes">
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-1">
                      [1] Zacos II, no 420.
                  </p>
                  <p xml:lang="fr" xml:id="footnote-2">
                      [2] <hi rend="italic">DOSeals</hi> 3.109, p. 184.
                  </p>
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                      <bibl>
                          <ptr target="CheynetTatış"/>, <citedRange unit="page">303</citedRange>
                      </bibl>
                  </p>
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              <div type="bibliography" subtype="parallels"> 
                      <bibl>
                          <ptr target="xxx"/>, <citedRange unit="page"/>
                          <!--(α) Fogg 1483 ; DO 58.106.60 ; (β) anc. coll. Zacos ; (γ) coll. privée (France), provenant de la vente Pecunem 42 (3-4-2016) no
                          1137.
                          Éd. des // : (α) lAurent, Corpus V/1, no 373 ; DOSeals 3.108.2 ; (β) ZACos II, no 806, photo 807 dans l’Album-->
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